Physical and socio-emotional impacts of urinary incontinence on quality of life in older women
Keywords:
urinary incontinence, older adult, ageing, pelvic floor, geriatric care, quality of life.Abstract
Introduction: Urinary incontinence is a common pelvic floor dysfunction in the older adult population, yet it is an underestimated and underappreciated health problem in clinical practice, which compromises the comprehensive care of this population. It is not synonymous with ageing; it is multifactorial and can cause profound negative impacts on patients' quality of life, physically, emotionally and socially. Quality of life is diminished throughout this population with urinary incontinence.
Objetive: To compare the findings of previous studies to identify possible divergences in understanding the social and physical impacts of urinary incontinence on the quality of life of older women.
Procedures used for data collection: A search of the Pubmed database and Google Scholar was conducted. Sixty-seven articles were identified and reviewed, of which 33 were useful. In addition, classic urology and incontinence textbooks were consulted in their most recent available editions.
Results: It was estimated that more than 50 % of patients suffering from urinary incontinence do not usually report it to healthcare staff. Lack of awareness was also found in urology, coloproctology and gynaecology specialists. It is predominant in women, with an estimated prevalence of 38 %, and numerous relevant studies have described that it increases with age. In the Cuban context, no studies were found on the prevalence of this condition in older adults.
Conclusions: Urinary incontinence in older women has a significant impact on their quality of life, autonomy and daily functioning, and has been associated with an increased risk of mental health problems. It is important to consider socio-cultural factors and individual experiences when addressing the impacts of urinary incontinence on quality of life because they influence the perception and acceptance of the condition. Detecting and managing this condition early is crucial to preserve quality of life and promote active and healthy ageing.Downloads
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References
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2. Abrams P. Incontinence. 6th ed. ICI-ICS. Bristol, UK: International Continence Societ; 2017 [acceso 25/06/2023]. Disponible en: https://www.ics.org/publications/ici_6/lncontinence_6th_Edition_2017_eBook_v2.pdf
3. Javanmardifard S, Gheibizadeh M, Shirazi F, Zarea K, Ghodsbin F. Experiences of Urinary Incontinence Management in Older \Nomen: A Qualitative Study. Front Public Health. 2022;9:738202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.738202
4. Prosperi L, Barassi G, Panunzio M, Pellegrino R, Marinucci C, Di lulio A, et. al. Bio-Physics Approach to Urinary Incontinence Disabilities. lnt J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(19):12612. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390lijerph191912612
5. Góes RP, Pedreira LC, David RAR, Silva CFT, Torres CAR, Amaral JBD. Hospital care and urinary incontinence in the elderly. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(suppl 2):284-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.159010034-7167-2018-0273
6. Smith y Tanagho. Urologia general. California, EE. UU.: McGraw-Hill Company; 2020 19e. p-699.
7. Abrams.P, Cardozo, L, Wagg, A, Wein, A (Eds) Incontinence 6th Edition (2017). ICI-ICS. Bristol UK: International Continence Society; 2017 [acceso 09/05/2023]. ISBN: 978-0956960733 Disponible en: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1002%2Fnau.23551&file=nau23551-sup-0001-SuppData-S1.docx
8. Jarbel DE, Haastrup PF, Rasmussen S, Sendergaaard J, Balasubrarnaniam K. Women's barriers for contacting their general practitioner when bothered by urinary incontinence: a population- based cross-sectional study. BMC Urol. 2021;21(1):99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1100/s12894-021-00864-x
9. Góes RP, Pedreira LC, Fonseca EOS, Coifman AHM, Amaral JBD, Souza ML. Factors inherent to the onset of urinary incontinence in the hospitalized elderly patients analyzed in the fight of the Donabedian's triad. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2021;55:e03773. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2020004003773
10. Pérez Rodríguez NM, Martínez Torres J, García Delgado JA, Rodríguez Adams EM. Influencia del tratamiento rehabilitador en la función sexual de mujeres con disfunción del suelo pelvico. Revista Invest. Medicoquir. 2020;12(1).
11. Lukacz ES, Santiago Lastra Y, Albo ME, Brubaker L. Urinary incontinence in women: a review. JAMA. 2017 [acceso 25/06/2023];318(16):1592-604. Disponible en: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articie-abstractl2658327
12. OMS. Atención integrada para personas mayores (lCOPE) Directrices sobre intervenciones a nivel comunitario para manejar la disminución de la capacidad intrínseca. Perfil de evidencia: incontinencia urinaria: Organización Mundial de la Salud 2017 [acceso 11/10/2023]. Disponible en: https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/51973
13. Kessler M, t-acchini LA, Soares MU, Nunes BP, Franca SM, Thurne E. Prevaience of urinary incontinence among the elderly and relationship with physical and mental health indicators. Rev Bras Geriatr GerontoL 2018 [acceso 25/06/2023];21:397-407. Disponible en: https://www.scielo.br/j/rbgg/a/ytpBgZ3JKfbcHfWGp5Zwd9t1?lang=en
14. Goral Turkcu S, Kukulu K. Urinary incontinence and quality of life of women living in nursing homes in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Psychogeriatrics. 2017 [acceso 25/06/2023];17(6):446-52. Disponible en: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/psyg.12271
15. Pathiraja R, Prathapan S, Goonawardena S. Urinary incontinence of women in a nationwide study in Sri Lanka prevalence and risk factors. Uro! J. 2017 [acceso 22/02/2023];14(3}:3075-80. Disponible en: http://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/uroli/index.php/uj/article/view/3747
16. Agarwal BK, Agarwal N. Urinary incontinence: prevalence, risk factors, impact on quality of life and treatment seeking behaviour among middle aged women. Int Surg J. 2017 [acceso 22/02/2023];4(6):1953-8 Disponible en: https://www.ijsurgery.com/index.php/isj/article/view/1479
17. Najafi Z, Morowatisharifabad MA, Jambarsang S, Rezaeipandari H, Hemayati R. Urinary incontinence and related quality of life among elderly women in Tabas, South Khorasan, Iran. BMC Urol. 2022;22(1):214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-022-01171-9
18. Rashidi F, Hajian S, Darvish S, Alavi MH. Prevalence of urinary incontinence in Iranian women: systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran J Obstet Gynecoi infertil. 2009 [acceso 22/02/2023];21(2):94-102. Disponible en: https://ijogi.mums.ac.ir/article12684.html?lang=en
19. Rezaeipandari H, Mazyaki A, Bandak Z. Prevalence of urinary incontinence among elderly women in Yazd, Iran: a population-based study Elderly Health Journal. 2015 [acceso 22/02/2023];1(1):27-31 Disponible en: https://ehLssu.ac.ir/browse.php?aid=26&sid=1&slclang=fa
20. AI Kiyumi MH, Ai Belushi Zl, Jaju S, AI Mahrezi AM. Urinary incontinence among omani women: prevalence, risk factors and impact on quality of life. Sultan Oaboos Univ Med J. 2020 [acceso 22/02/2023];20(1):e45. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7065693/
21. Altaweel W, Alharbi M. Urinary incontinence: prevalence, risk factors, and impact on health related quality of life in Saudi women. Neurourol Urodyn. 2012;31(5):642-5. Disponible en: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nau.22201
22. Fillit HM, Rockwood K, Young JB. Brocklehurst's textbook of geriatric medicine and gerontology E-book: E!sevier Hea!th Sciences; 2016. Disponible en: https://www.academia.edu/43521113/Brocklehursts
23. Marques LP, Schneider IJC, Giehl MWC, Antes DL, d'Orsi E. Demographic, health conditions, and lifestyle factors associated with urinary incontinence in elderly from Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2015 [acceso 22/02/2023];18:595-606. Disponible en: https://www.scielo.brlscielo.php?script=sciarttext&pid=S1415-790X2015000300595&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
24 Kim KJ, Shin J, Choi J, Park J-M, Park HK, Lee J, et al. Association of geriatric synoromes with urinary incontinence according to sex and urinary-incontinence-related quality of life in older inpatients: a cross-sectional study of an acute care hospital. Korean J Fam Med. 2009 [acceso 21/11/2023];40(4):235. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6669396/
25. Reigota RB, Pedro AO, De Souza Santos Machado V, Costa-Paiva L, Pinto Neto AM. Prevalence of urinary incontinence and its association with multimorbidity in women aged 50 years or older: a population based study. Neurourol Urodyn. 2016 [acceso 22/02/2023]; [acceso 22/02/2023];35(1):62. Disponible en: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nau.22679
26. Tsakiris POM, Michel MC. Drug-induced urinary incontinence. Drugs Aging. 2008 [acceso 29/03/2023];25(7):541-9. Disponible en: https://link.springer.com/article/10.2165/00002512-200825070-00001
27. Park J, Hong G-RS, Yang W. Factors associated with self-reported and medically diagnosed urinary incontinence among community-dwelling older women in Korea. Int Neurourol J. 2015 [acceso 22/02/2023];19(2):99. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490321/
28. Asemota 0, Eldemire-Shearer 0, Waldron NI, Standard Goldson A. Prevalence of Self-reported urinary incontinence in community-dwelling older adults of Westmoreland. Jam MEDICC Rev. 2016 [acceso 29/03/2023];18:41-5. Disponible en: https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumenlcgi?IDARTICULO=65113
29. Carneiro JA, Ramos GCF, Barbosa ATF, Medeiros SM, Lima CDA, Costa FMD, et al. Prevalencia e fatores associados a incontinencia urinaria em idosos nao institucionalizados. Cadernos Saude Coletiva. 2017 [acceso 29/03/2023];25:268-77. Disponible en: https://www.scielo.br/j/cadsc/a/gNgQKxfzV3qV6y65cGvWd3M/?lang=pt
30. Bresee C, Dubina EO, Khan AA, Sevilla C, Grant 0, Eilber KS, et a!. Prevalence and correlates of urinary incontinence among older, communitydwelling women. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg. 2014 [acceso 29/03/2023];20(6):328. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5063232/
31. Sensoy N, Dogan 'N, Ozek B, Karaaslan L. Urinary incontinence in women: prevalence rates, risk factors and impact on quality of life. Pak J Med Sci. 2013 [acceso 29/03/2023];29(3):818. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3809317/
32. Eshkoor S, Hamid TA, Shahar S, Mun C. Factors related to urinary incontinence among the Ma!aysian elder!y. J Nutr Health Aging. 2017 [acceso 29/03/2023];21 (2):220-6. Disponible en: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12603-016-0779-x
33. Lian W-Q, Li F-J, Huang H-X, Zheng Y-Q, Chen L-H. Constipation and risk of urinary incontinence in women: a meta-analysis. Int Urogynecol J. 2019 [acceso 29/03/2023];30(10):1629-34. Disponible en: https://link.springer.com/artiCle/10.1007/s00192-019-03941-w
34. Coyne KS, Sexton CC, Irwin DE, Kopp ZS, Ke!leher CJ, Mi!som I. The impact of overactive bladder, incontinence and other lower urinary tract symptoms on quality of life, work productivity, sexuality and emotional well-being in men and women: results from the EPIC study. BJU lnt. 2008;101(11):1388-95. Disponible en: https://bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j1464-41OX.2008.07601.x
35. AI Kiyumi MH, AI Belushi ZI, Jaju S, AI Mahrezi AM. Urinary incontinence among omani women: prevalence, risk factors and impact on quality of life. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2020 [acceso 29/03/2023];20(1):e45. Disponible en: https://www.nc~i.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7065693/
36. Tamanini JTN, Pallone LV, Sartori MGF, Girao MJBC, Dos Santos JLF,de Oliveira Duarte YA, et a!. A popu!ationa!-based survey on the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of urinary incontinence in older adults-results from the SABE STUDY. Neurourol Urodyn. 2018 [acceso 29/03/2023];37(1):46-77. Disponible en: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nau.23331
37 Agarwal BK, Agarwal N. Urinary incontinence: prevalence, risk factors,impact on quality of life and treatment seeking behaviour among middle aged women. tnt Surg J. 2017 [acceso 29/03/2023];4(6):1953-8. Disponible en: https://www.ijsurgery.com/index.phplisj/article/view/1479
2. Abrams P. Incontinence. 6th ed. ICI-ICS. Bristol, UK: International Continence Societ; 2017 [acceso 25/06/2023]. Disponible en: https://www.ics.org/publications/ici_6/lncontinence_6th_Edition_2017_eBook_v2.pdf
3. Javanmardifard S, Gheibizadeh M, Shirazi F, Zarea K, Ghodsbin F. Experiences of Urinary Incontinence Management in Older \Nomen: A Qualitative Study. Front Public Health. 2022;9:738202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.738202
4. Prosperi L, Barassi G, Panunzio M, Pellegrino R, Marinucci C, Di lulio A, et. al. Bio-Physics Approach to Urinary Incontinence Disabilities. lnt J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(19):12612. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390lijerph191912612
5. Góes RP, Pedreira LC, David RAR, Silva CFT, Torres CAR, Amaral JBD. Hospital care and urinary incontinence in the elderly. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(suppl 2):284-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.159010034-7167-2018-0273
6. Smith y Tanagho. Urologia general. California, EE. UU.: McGraw-Hill Company; 2020 19e. p-699.
7. Abrams.P, Cardozo, L, Wagg, A, Wein, A (Eds) Incontinence 6th Edition (2017). ICI-ICS. Bristol UK: International Continence Society; 2017 [acceso 09/05/2023]. ISBN: 978-0956960733 Disponible en: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1002%2Fnau.23551&file=nau23551-sup-0001-SuppData-S1.docx
8. Jarbel DE, Haastrup PF, Rasmussen S, Sendergaaard J, Balasubrarnaniam K. Women's barriers for contacting their general practitioner when bothered by urinary incontinence: a population- based cross-sectional study. BMC Urol. 2021;21(1):99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1100/s12894-021-00864-x
9. Góes RP, Pedreira LC, Fonseca EOS, Coifman AHM, Amaral JBD, Souza ML. Factors inherent to the onset of urinary incontinence in the hospitalized elderly patients analyzed in the fight of the Donabedian's triad. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2021;55:e03773. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2020004003773
10. Pérez Rodríguez NM, Martínez Torres J, García Delgado JA, Rodríguez Adams EM. Influencia del tratamiento rehabilitador en la función sexual de mujeres con disfunción del suelo pelvico. Revista Invest. Medicoquir. 2020;12(1).
11. Lukacz ES, Santiago Lastra Y, Albo ME, Brubaker L. Urinary incontinence in women: a review. JAMA. 2017 [acceso 25/06/2023];318(16):1592-604. Disponible en: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articie-abstractl2658327
12. OMS. Atención integrada para personas mayores (lCOPE) Directrices sobre intervenciones a nivel comunitario para manejar la disminución de la capacidad intrínseca. Perfil de evidencia: incontinencia urinaria: Organización Mundial de la Salud 2017 [acceso 11/10/2023]. Disponible en: https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/51973
13. Kessler M, t-acchini LA, Soares MU, Nunes BP, Franca SM, Thurne E. Prevaience of urinary incontinence among the elderly and relationship with physical and mental health indicators. Rev Bras Geriatr GerontoL 2018 [acceso 25/06/2023];21:397-407. Disponible en: https://www.scielo.br/j/rbgg/a/ytpBgZ3JKfbcHfWGp5Zwd9t1?lang=en
14. Goral Turkcu S, Kukulu K. Urinary incontinence and quality of life of women living in nursing homes in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Psychogeriatrics. 2017 [acceso 25/06/2023];17(6):446-52. Disponible en: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/psyg.12271
15. Pathiraja R, Prathapan S, Goonawardena S. Urinary incontinence of women in a nationwide study in Sri Lanka prevalence and risk factors. Uro! J. 2017 [acceso 22/02/2023];14(3}:3075-80. Disponible en: http://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/uroli/index.php/uj/article/view/3747
16. Agarwal BK, Agarwal N. Urinary incontinence: prevalence, risk factors, impact on quality of life and treatment seeking behaviour among middle aged women. Int Surg J. 2017 [acceso 22/02/2023];4(6):1953-8 Disponible en: https://www.ijsurgery.com/index.php/isj/article/view/1479
17. Najafi Z, Morowatisharifabad MA, Jambarsang S, Rezaeipandari H, Hemayati R. Urinary incontinence and related quality of life among elderly women in Tabas, South Khorasan, Iran. BMC Urol. 2022;22(1):214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-022-01171-9
18. Rashidi F, Hajian S, Darvish S, Alavi MH. Prevalence of urinary incontinence in Iranian women: systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran J Obstet Gynecoi infertil. 2009 [acceso 22/02/2023];21(2):94-102. Disponible en: https://ijogi.mums.ac.ir/article12684.html?lang=en
19. Rezaeipandari H, Mazyaki A, Bandak Z. Prevalence of urinary incontinence among elderly women in Yazd, Iran: a population-based study Elderly Health Journal. 2015 [acceso 22/02/2023];1(1):27-31 Disponible en: https://ehLssu.ac.ir/browse.php?aid=26&sid=1&slclang=fa
20. AI Kiyumi MH, Ai Belushi Zl, Jaju S, AI Mahrezi AM. Urinary incontinence among omani women: prevalence, risk factors and impact on quality of life. Sultan Oaboos Univ Med J. 2020 [acceso 22/02/2023];20(1):e45. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7065693/
21. Altaweel W, Alharbi M. Urinary incontinence: prevalence, risk factors, and impact on health related quality of life in Saudi women. Neurourol Urodyn. 2012;31(5):642-5. Disponible en: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nau.22201
22. Fillit HM, Rockwood K, Young JB. Brocklehurst's textbook of geriatric medicine and gerontology E-book: E!sevier Hea!th Sciences; 2016. Disponible en: https://www.academia.edu/43521113/Brocklehursts
23. Marques LP, Schneider IJC, Giehl MWC, Antes DL, d'Orsi E. Demographic, health conditions, and lifestyle factors associated with urinary incontinence in elderly from Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2015 [acceso 22/02/2023];18:595-606. Disponible en: https://www.scielo.brlscielo.php?script=sciarttext&pid=S1415-790X2015000300595&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
24 Kim KJ, Shin J, Choi J, Park J-M, Park HK, Lee J, et al. Association of geriatric synoromes with urinary incontinence according to sex and urinary-incontinence-related quality of life in older inpatients: a cross-sectional study of an acute care hospital. Korean J Fam Med. 2009 [acceso 21/11/2023];40(4):235. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6669396/
25. Reigota RB, Pedro AO, De Souza Santos Machado V, Costa-Paiva L, Pinto Neto AM. Prevalence of urinary incontinence and its association with multimorbidity in women aged 50 years or older: a population based study. Neurourol Urodyn. 2016 [acceso 22/02/2023]; [acceso 22/02/2023];35(1):62. Disponible en: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nau.22679
26. Tsakiris POM, Michel MC. Drug-induced urinary incontinence. Drugs Aging. 2008 [acceso 29/03/2023];25(7):541-9. Disponible en: https://link.springer.com/article/10.2165/00002512-200825070-00001
27. Park J, Hong G-RS, Yang W. Factors associated with self-reported and medically diagnosed urinary incontinence among community-dwelling older women in Korea. Int Neurourol J. 2015 [acceso 22/02/2023];19(2):99. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490321/
28. Asemota 0, Eldemire-Shearer 0, Waldron NI, Standard Goldson A. Prevalence of Self-reported urinary incontinence in community-dwelling older adults of Westmoreland. Jam MEDICC Rev. 2016 [acceso 29/03/2023];18:41-5. Disponible en: https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumenlcgi?IDARTICULO=65113
29. Carneiro JA, Ramos GCF, Barbosa ATF, Medeiros SM, Lima CDA, Costa FMD, et al. Prevalencia e fatores associados a incontinencia urinaria em idosos nao institucionalizados. Cadernos Saude Coletiva. 2017 [acceso 29/03/2023];25:268-77. Disponible en: https://www.scielo.br/j/cadsc/a/gNgQKxfzV3qV6y65cGvWd3M/?lang=pt
30. Bresee C, Dubina EO, Khan AA, Sevilla C, Grant 0, Eilber KS, et a!. Prevalence and correlates of urinary incontinence among older, communitydwelling women. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg. 2014 [acceso 29/03/2023];20(6):328. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5063232/
31. Sensoy N, Dogan 'N, Ozek B, Karaaslan L. Urinary incontinence in women: prevalence rates, risk factors and impact on quality of life. Pak J Med Sci. 2013 [acceso 29/03/2023];29(3):818. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3809317/
32. Eshkoor S, Hamid TA, Shahar S, Mun C. Factors related to urinary incontinence among the Ma!aysian elder!y. J Nutr Health Aging. 2017 [acceso 29/03/2023];21 (2):220-6. Disponible en: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12603-016-0779-x
33. Lian W-Q, Li F-J, Huang H-X, Zheng Y-Q, Chen L-H. Constipation and risk of urinary incontinence in women: a meta-analysis. Int Urogynecol J. 2019 [acceso 29/03/2023];30(10):1629-34. Disponible en: https://link.springer.com/artiCle/10.1007/s00192-019-03941-w
34. Coyne KS, Sexton CC, Irwin DE, Kopp ZS, Ke!leher CJ, Mi!som I. The impact of overactive bladder, incontinence and other lower urinary tract symptoms on quality of life, work productivity, sexuality and emotional well-being in men and women: results from the EPIC study. BJU lnt. 2008;101(11):1388-95. Disponible en: https://bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j1464-41OX.2008.07601.x
35. AI Kiyumi MH, AI Belushi ZI, Jaju S, AI Mahrezi AM. Urinary incontinence among omani women: prevalence, risk factors and impact on quality of life. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2020 [acceso 29/03/2023];20(1):e45. Disponible en: https://www.nc~i.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7065693/
36. Tamanini JTN, Pallone LV, Sartori MGF, Girao MJBC, Dos Santos JLF,de Oliveira Duarte YA, et a!. A popu!ationa!-based survey on the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of urinary incontinence in older adults-results from the SABE STUDY. Neurourol Urodyn. 2018 [acceso 29/03/2023];37(1):46-77. Disponible en: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nau.23331
37 Agarwal BK, Agarwal N. Urinary incontinence: prevalence, risk factors,impact on quality of life and treatment seeking behaviour among middle aged women. tnt Surg J. 2017 [acceso 29/03/2023];4(6):1953-8. Disponible en: https://www.ijsurgery.com/index.phplisj/article/view/1479
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2024-05-23
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Melián Dalmau A, Rodríguez Izaguirre A, Pagola Mendoza J, Mosqueda Lobaina Y, Ortiz Muñoz V, Fernández Cedré E de la C. Physical and socio-emotional impacts of urinary incontinence on quality of life in older women. INFODIR [Internet]. 2024 May 23 [cited 2025 Nov. 10];(42). Available from: https://revinfodir.sld.cu/index.php/infodir/article/view/1633
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